25 ．Clinton to Germain，May 2，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，“British Strategy in America”，pp.20i，i09.
26 ．Memo of conversation，February 7，1776，Clinton Papers，WLCL，quoted in Scotti，Brutal Virtue ，p.132；Sir Henry Clinton，“Account of his conversation with Germain，”April 7，1777，Clinton Papers，WLCL，vol.20，f.47；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats ，p.91；Clinton to Germain，June 9，1781，CO 5/102，no.130，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.528-29.
27 ．Clinton to Germain，August 25，1780，CO 5/100，PRO；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，pp.126，127，831.
28 ．Clinton to Germain，June 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；John W．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia 1777-1778（San Rafael，Calif.：Presidio Press，1979），pp.259-60；Clinton to Germain，July 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Johann von Ewald，Diary of the American War ：A Hessian Journal ，trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979），p.132；Brendan Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse 1778：The Last Great Battle in the North （Botley：Osprey Publishing，2004），pp.11，32-33，35；Willard M．Wallace，Appeal to Arms ：A Military History of the American Revolution （New York：Harper，1951），p.190.
29 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.91；Gruber，John Peebles' American War ，p.193；Clinton to Germain，July 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；John William Hale to Admiral Hale，July 1778，in Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America ，p.118.
30 ．Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse 1778，p.69.Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.97；Germain to Clinton，September 2，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Howard H．Peckham，The War for Independence ，rev.ed.（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.97；Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse 1778，p.76.
31 ．Clinton to Germain，July 27，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Ewald，Diary of the American War ，p.140；Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin ，Progress ，and Termination of The American War ，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett and J．Kerby，1794），2：34-37.
32 ．Clinton to Germain，October 8，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.270.
33 ．Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.242；Clinton to Germain，New York，October 8，1778，CO/5/96，PRO，also printed in the appendix to Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.97.
34 ．Willcox，Portrait of a General ，pp.242，252；Germain to Clinton，1778，December 3，1778，CO/5/96，PRO.
35 ．Germain to Clinton，March 8，1778，in Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House ，Northamptonshire ，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：97-100；Ira Gruber，“Britain's Southern Strategy，”in The Revolutionary War in the South ：Power ，Conflict ，and Leadership ，ed.W.Robert Higgins（Durham，N.C.：Duke University Press，1979），pp.220-21；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.127；Clinton to Germain，April 4，1779，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：124-25.
36 ．Mackesy，The War for America ，p.368.
37 ．William B．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”in George Washington's Generals and Opponents ，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：100 n．8；Conway，The War of American Independence ，p.158；Jonathan R．Dull，The French Navy and American Independence ：A Study of Arms and Diplomacy ，1774-1787（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.359-76；R.Arthur Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”in Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War ：Selected Essays ，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.67.
38 ．R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America 1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.98，109-32，245；David Syrett，Shipping and the American War 1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation （London：Athlone Press，1970），p.157.
39 ．Clinton to Germain，August 20，1779，CO 5/98，PRO；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith 1778-1783，2：173，157，177；Ewald，Diary of the American War ，pp.159-60，178；Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution 1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），pp.185-88；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson ，November 24，1779，2：298.
40 ．Conway，The War of American Independence ，p.150；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.314.
41 ．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only ：The British Army on Campaign in North America 1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），p.14.The real threat posed by Washington to Clinton in New York in 1779 is the subject of recent research by the editors of the George Washington Papers.See Benjamin Lee Huggins，“‘A Speedy and Decisive Effort’：George Washington's Prospective 1779 Campaign Against New York，”paper presented to the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for Military History，Lisle，Ill.，June 11，2010；William M．Ferraro，“Active，Aggressive and Aware：George Washington's Response to the Raids on Connecticut，July 1779，”ibid.
42 ．Clinton to Germain，May 5，1779，CO5/97，PRO；Same to Same June 18，1779，CO/5/98，PRO；Ewald，Diary of the American War ，p.168；Philip Morgan and Andrew Jackson O'shaughnessy，“Arming Slaves in the American Revolution，”in Arming Slaves from Classical Times to the Modern Age ，ed.Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip Morgan（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2006），p.190.
43 ．Clinton to Germain，November 4，1779，CO/5/98，PRO；Nelson，William Tryon and the Course of Empire ，pp.169-73；Clinton to Germain，June 18，1779，CO 5/98，no.58，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.140.
44 ．Clinton to Germain，August 21，1779，CO/5/98，no.69；Arbuthnot to Sandwich，September 29，1779，The Private Papers of John ，Earl of Sandwich ，First Lord of the Admiralty 1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），3：134.
45 ．Clinton to Germain，May 22，1779，CO/5/97，PRO；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith 1778-1783，2：452；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.127，155.
46 ．Colonel Stuart to Lord Bute，August 1779，in Wortley，A Prime Minister and his Son ，p.49；Germain to Clinton，December 3，1778，Clinton Papers，vol.47，f.32，WLCL.
47 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.189，363.
48 ．Ewald，Diary of the American War ，pp.196，225，227，238-39；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.306.
49 ．Royster，A Revolutionary People at War ，p.282；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.171；George Smith McCowen Jr.，The British Occupation of Charleston ，1780-82（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1972），p.10.
50 ．McCowen，The British Occupation of Charleston ，pp.52-55；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.174-75，181.
51 ．Mary Beth Norton，The British-Americans ：The Loyalist Exiles in England 1774-1789（Boston：Little，Brown，1972），p.33；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：295；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.166；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：390；Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects ，p.145.
52 ．Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.86.
53 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.163.
54 ．Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，p.201；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.160；Clinton to Germain，October 29，1779，CO 5/98，PRO.
55 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.183，184；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：498.
56 ．Thomas Fleming，The Forgotten Victory ：The Battle for New Jersey -1780（New York：Reader's Digest Press，1973）；Twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America ：The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson 1780-1783，ed.Milton M．Klein and Ronald W．Howard（Cooperstown，N.Y.：New York State Historical Association，1983），pp.55，59.
57 ．Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America ，p.13.
58 ．Clinton to Germain，August 25，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.203；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.439；Syrett，Shipping and the American War ，pp.157，228.
59 ．Mackesy，The War for America ，p.350；Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War from Its Commencement to the Year 1783（Dublin：Wilkinson & Courtney，1809），p.81.
60 ．Carl Van Doren，Secret History of the American Revolution （1941；repr.Clinton，N.J.：Augustus M．Kelley，1973），p.375.
61 ．Clinton to Germain，October 11，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Hatch，Major John Andr ，p.203；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：300，334.Clinton's account of the episode is contained in a “Narrative” enclosed in his letter to Germain.
62 ．Hatch，Major John Andr ，p.82.
63 ．Roger Kaplan，“British Intelligence OperationsDuring the American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，47，no.1（January 1990）：121，123，124；Hatch，Major John Andr ，pp.156-58.
64 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.217；Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences Duringthe Late American War ，pp.329，332-33；Ewald，Diary of the American War ，p.250；Sarah Knott，Sensibility and the American Revolution （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2009），pp.159，161.
65 ．Hatch，Major John Andr ，pp.269，273-74；Knott，Sensibility and the American Revolution，p.156.
66 ．Hatch，Major John Andr ，p.276；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.218.
67 ．Van Doren，Secret History of the American Revolution ，p.394.
68 ．Germain to Clinton，October 13，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Stanley Weintraub，Iron Tears ：America's Battle for Freedom ，Britain's Quagmire ，1775-1783（New York：Simon and Shuster，2005），p.202；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：347；Judith L．Van Buskirk，Generous Enemies ：Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York （Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2002），p.30；Christopher Hibbert，Redcoats and Rebels ：The American Revolution through British Eyes （New York：Norton，1990），pp.59-60，
69 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.294.
70 ．Ibid.，p.209；Cornwallis to Clinton，August 6，1780，The Cornwallis Papers ：The Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War ，ed.Ian Saberton，6 vols.（Uckfield：Naval & Military Press，2010），1：175-79.
71 ．O'Hara to Grafton，November 15，1780，in Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.169.
72 ．Clinton to Germain，April 23，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Cornwallis to Clinton，April 10，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；William B．Willcox，“The British Road to Yorktown：A Study in Divided Command，”American Historical Review 52，no.1（October 1946）：15；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith ，2：417；Willcox，“The British Road to Yorktown，”pp.12，15；Clinton to Germain，April 23，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Clinton to Germain，May 18，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”p.86.From the fall of Charleston，Clinton's letters repeatedly emphasized the importance of adequate naval support.
73 ．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”pp.91-92；Clinton to Cornwallis，July 15，1781，Cornwallis to Clinton，July 27，1781，Clinton to Cornwallis，August 2，1781，CO 5/103，PRO.
74 ．Randolph G．Adams，“A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown，”American Historical Review 37，no.1（October 1931）：30，31，36.
