70 ．Germain to Carleton，March 26，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：63；Germain to Howe，May 18，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：66-67；Germain to Howe，September 3，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox ，pp.276-77.
71 ．Brown，The American Secretary ，p.125；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ，pp.207，230.
72 ．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ，p.233；Washington to Israel Putnam，July 21，1777，Abbot et al.，The Papers of George Washington ：Revolutionary War Series ，9：346；Christopher Hibbert，Redcoats and Rebels ：The American Revolution through British Eyes （New York：Norton，1990），p.142；Washington to Horatio Gates，July 30，1777，Abbot et al.，The Papers of George Washington ：Revolutionary War Series ，10：459.
73 ．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe ，p.20.
74 ．Howe to Germain，July 15，1777，July 16，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；Brown，The American Secretary ，p.109；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ，p.200；Germain to Knox，September 29，1777，The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox ，p.139；John F．Luzader，Saratoga ：A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution （New York：Savas Beatie，2008），p.26；George H．Guttridge，“Lord George Germain in Office，1775-1782，”American Historical Review 33，no.1（October 1927）：29.
75 ．Gordon S．Wood，“Rhetoric and Reality in The American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，23，no.1（January 1966）：3-22；Jay Fliegelman，Declaring Independence ：Jefferson ，Natural Language ，and the Culture of Performance （Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1993）．
76 ．Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution 1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），pp.17，292-329.Michal Jan Rozbicki，Culture and Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution （Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，2011） 提出有篱依据指出，自由是一种因阶级而异的权篱和特权范围。作者指出，革命领导层致篱于继续维持不平等。Gordon S．Wood，The Radicalism of the American Revolution （New York：Knopf，1992） 讨论了革命及随喉受到革命信条影响的时期的社会和政治鞭化。
77 ．对过程的讨论见 Shy，A People Numerous and Armed ，pp.175-77，236，237，242。
78 ．Eliga H．Gould，The Persistence of Empire ：British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2000），p.163；Stephen Conway，“From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners：British Perceptions of the Americans，Circa 1739-1783，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，61，no.1（January 2002）：65-101；Stephen Conway，“‘The Great Mischief Complaind of’：Reflections on the Misconduct of British Soldiers in the Revolutionary War，”ibid.，47，no.3（July 1990）：370-91；Captain John Bowater to Basil Feilding，earl of Denbigh，April 4，1777，in Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War ，p.121；Major John Bowater to Basil Fielding，November 17，1777，ibid.，p.147.
79 ．Colonel Stuart to Lord Bute，September 16，1778，A Prime Minister and His Son ：From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt.Gen.The Hon.Sir Charles Stuart ，K.B ，ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley（London：John Murray，1925），p.132；Joseph E．Tiedemann，“Patriots by Default：Queens County，New York，and the British Army，1776-1783，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，43，no.1（January 1986）：38；Mathew C．Ward，“Crossing the Line? The Application of European ‘Rules of War’ in North America in the Eighteenth Century”（unpublished paper，Edinburgh University），pp.6，7；Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only ，p.13.
80 ．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia ，pp.224-25；“A Briton” in the Public Advertiser ，January 11，1776，in Grant，Our American Brethren ，p.64.
81 ．Rawdon to Francis，earl of Huntingdon，August 5，1776，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of the late Reginald Rawdon Hastings Esq . ed.Francis Bickley，4 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1928-47），3：179；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ，p.145.强监案例见Gruber，John Peebles' American War ，p.74。
82 ．Urban，Fusiliers ，p.108；Charles Stuart to Lord Bute，February 4，1777，in Wortley，A Prime Minister and his Son ，p.99；Stephen Kemble's Journal ，introd.George Athan Billias（Boston：Gregg Press，1972），pp.96，98；Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia ，p.97-98，190，268.
83 ．Tiedemann，“Patriots by Default，”pp.35-63；Captain John Bowater to Basil Feilding，earl of Denbigh，November 25，1776，Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War ，p.108.
84 ．Partridge，Sir Billy Howe ，pp.173-74；Howe to Germain，August 30，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：75.
85 ．Taaffe，The Philadelphia Campaign ，p.89；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe ，pp.32-33.
86 ．Elizabeth A．Fenn，Pox Americana ：The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82（New York：Hill and Wang，2001），p.99.
87 ．Howe to Germain，October 22，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：80.
88 ．Lady Howe to Lord North，18 February 1778，The Private Papers of John ，Earl of Sandwich ，First Lord of the Admiralty 1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），2：292；Germain to Lord Howe，August 4，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：73；Tatum，The American Journal of Ambrose Serle ，pp.311-12.
89 ．W.Hale to Admiral Hale，July 21，1778，in Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America ，p.121.
90 ．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution ，p.274；Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the Howe Brothers，”p.131；Bickham，Making Headlines ，p.93；Alan Valentine，Lord North ，2 vols.（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1967），2：44.
91 ．Worthington C．Ford，“Parliament and the Howes，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society ，3d ser.，44（October 1910）：120-43.
92 ．Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe ，pp.127-28.
93 ．Gentleman's Magazine ，September 1799，p.807；Ann French，“The Earl and Countess Howe：A Biography，”in French，The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough ，p.17.
第四章
1 ．Alan Valentine，Lord George Germain （Oxford：Oxford University Press，1962），p.260；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson ，Esq .，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），1：168-69；Morning Chronicle ，December 1，1777，Our American Brethren ：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution ，1775-1781，ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFarland，1995） pp.110-11；Richard Sampson，Escape in America ：The British Convention Prisoners 1777-1783（Chippenham：Picton Publishing，1995），p.52；The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），pp.80-81；Account in the Edinburgh Advertiser quoted by Troy Bickham，Making Headlines .：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press （DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.105.
2 ．Anthony Morris Storer to George Selwyn，December 11，1777，quoted in Valentine，Lord George Germain ，p.265；Bickham，Making Headlines ，pp.36-37.
3 ．George Athan Billias，“John Burgoyne：Ambitious General，”in George Washington's Generals and Opponents ：Their Exploits and Leadership ，ed.Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：142-143；Valentine，Lord George Germain ，p.299；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：433；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall 1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers & Son，1884），2：45-46.
4 ．David Mannings，Sir Joshua Reynolds ：A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings ，2 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2000），2：113；Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution 1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），pp.175-79.
5 ．Joyce Godber，History of Bedfordshire （Bedford：Bedfordshire County Council，1969），pp.175，200，247-48；Richard J．Hargrove Jr.，Gentleman John Burgoyne （Newark：University of Delaware Press，1983），p.17.关于谣言持续另见同上注作品，ibid.，p.18。
6 ．Edward Barrington De Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ：Derivedfrom The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon.John Burgoyne ，General ，Statesman ，Dramatist （London：Macmillan，1876），p.124.
7 ．Gruber，“ British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteen-Century Warfare，”in Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War ：Selected Essays ，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.15；James Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga （London：Macdonald and Jane's，1976），p.17.
8 ．Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga ，pp.30-31.
9 ．Ibid.，p.34；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century，pp.15-21.
10 ．Max M．Mintz，The Generals of Saratoga ：John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates （New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1990），p.19；Mannings，Sir Joshua Reynolds ，1：113.
11 ．Observations and Reflections Upon the Present Military State of Prussia ，Austria ，and France ，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ，pp.62-82.
12 ．Ibid.
13 ．Burgoyne to Major Warde，November 23，1757，Burgoyne to Charles Townshend，August 10，1762，Bute to Burgoyne，November 2，1762，ibid.，pp.11，46，4，49.
14 ．The House of Commons 1754-1790，ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，3 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1964），3：453，1：14.
15 ．The Letters of Junius ，ed.John Cannon（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1978），pp.154-58，180；Steuart，Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，1：202.
16 ．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne ，p.43.
17 ．Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga ，pp.16，61；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne ，pp.44，49.
18 ．Paul V．Williams，ed.，The Longand Short of General John Burgoynes Maid of Oaks ：The Story of an Eighteenth Century Play and Its Players （Carshalton：Friends of Honeywood，2007），pp.23，24，27-31.
19 ．Ibid.，pp.82-84，94，109.
20 ．George Ⅲ to North，February 14，1771，March 12，1772，The Correspondence of KingGeorge the Third from 1760 to December 1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），2：218，328-29.
21 ．H.V.Bowen，Revenue and Reform ：The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757-1773（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1991），p.117.
22 ．Ibid.，pp.58-62.
23 ．Ibid.，pp.169，172.
24 ．Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America 1754-1783，ed.R.C.Simmons and P．D.G.Thomas，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y.：Kraus International，1982-86），4：193，232，238；Steuart，Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，1：80，304.
25 ．Memorandum by Burgoyne，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ，pp.120-21.
